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<tr><td class="hdrl"> Elliott Sound Products</td>
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<td align="right" class="hdrr">Project 09 </td>
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<h1>24 dB/Octave 2/3-Way Linkwitz-Riley Electronic Crossover</h1>
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<div align="center" class="t_11">© 1999, Rod Elliott - ESP<br />Last Updated Oct 2018</div>
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<hr /><p><a href="https://sound-au.com/pcb/pricelist.html" target="_blank"><img SRC="pcb.gif" alt="PCB" align="left"></a>
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<span class="t_11b"> PCBs (revision C) are available for this project. Click the image for details. (See Also Project 81 for details of the 12dB/octave version).</span></p>
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<hr /><b>Introduction</b>
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<p>The Linkwitz-Riley filter featured here has (almost) perfect phase-coherency, with no peaks or dips at the crossover frequency. The design is adaptable to 2-way or 3-way (or even 4-way) operation, and all formulas are provided below (or use the ESP-LR component calculator program). This has been a very popular project since it was published, and that popularity continues to this day. With good opamps, it's performance will generally be better than (supposedly) equivalent DSP (digital signal processor) implementations, because there's no requirement to convert the signal from analogue to digital and back again.</p>
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<div class="t-pic"><img src="p09b-pic.jpg" alt="Photo"><br />Photo of Completed P09 Rev-B Circuit Board (Rev-C Looks Almost Identical)</div>
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<p>Please note that the PCB version of the P09 crossover is a stereo 2-way design, and has balanced input buffers (which can be connected as unbalanced if preferred), high and low pass filters, level controls and output buffers for each channel. Each output buffer is configured for variable gain to allow your system to be set up correctly. The suggested power supply is the <a href="project05b.htm" target="_blank">P05 Rev-B</a>, which also has an auxiliary output suitable for operating muting relays (see below for reasons you may want to include muting).</p>
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<hr /><b>2-Way Linkwitz Riley Crossover</b>
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<p>Figure 1A shows the general concept for a full stereo version, with two identical filter sections (but without balanced inputs). With the component values shown, these have a crossover frequency of 310Hz (refer to the article on <a href="bi-amp.htm">Bi-Amping</a> to see the reason for my choice of frequency). This unit will provide a completely flat frequency response across the crossover frequency, with the signal from both filters remaining in phase at all times. Note that the frequency shown here is simply an example - it can be anything you like within the audio range.</p>
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<div class="t-pic"><img src="p09_fig1a.gif" alt="Figure 1A" border="1" /><br />Figure 1A - Stereo Version of a 2-Way LR Crossover</div>
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<p>Note that the PCB version is almost identical, but offers the choice of a balanced or unbalanced input stage. It's not switchable, but the mode is selected before construction, and links or resistors are installed as needed.</p>
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<p>The 2-Way unit is separated into 3 sections per channel ...</p>
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<ul>
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<li><b>Input Buffer</b> - ensures that all filters are driven from a low impedance source, to prevent frequency and phase shifts (PCB includes ability for balanced input).</li>
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<li><b>High Pass</b> - as shown, frequency is approx. 310Hz. Use formulae below or ESP calculator program to determine values for other frequencies.</li>
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<li><b>Low Pass</b> - as shown, frequency is approx. 310Hz. As above for different frequencies.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>It is important with both versions that the filters are properly matched, both within the individual filters, and between channels. While small variations between channels will not be audible, if the high and low pass sections are not accurately matched, then phase and amplitude errors will result. In practice, normal component tolerances cause surprisingly small errors, but matching the capacitors is recommended.</p>
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<hr /><b>3-Way Linkwitz Riley Crossover</b>
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<p>Figure 1B shows the way to connect a 3-Way crossover. This unit produces excellent results, with good phase coherency and a flat response across the entire frequency band.</p>
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<p class="t-pic"><img SRC="p09_fig1b.gif" ALT="Figure 1B" BORDER="1" /><br />Figure 1B - 3-Way Mono LR Crossover (2 Needed for Stereo)</p>
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<p>I know the circuits look complicated, but each is basically repetition of a common circuit block - the filter section. Since the opamps are all used as unity gain buffers, the use of premium devices is not really essential, so the TL072 type would be quite serviceable in this role (however I do recommend that you use something 'better'). Needless to say, if you want to use better devices (even discrete opamps) you can easily do so. Make sure that any device used is stable for unity gain - this is not always the case with some devices, especially when external compensation is used. In this case, use the manufacturer's recommended value of stability cap for unity gain operation.</p>
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<table style="width: 100%">
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<tr><td><img src="opamp.gif" alt="Opamp"></td>
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<td>Power supply connections (and bypass capacitors) have not been shown, but the diagram shows the standard connections for a dual opamp. The IC is viewed from the top. The ±15V power
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supply described (see <a href="project05b.htm" target="_blank">Project 05 - Power Supply For Preamps</a>) is suitable for this crossover as well, and will easily power your preamp and a 3-way
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version of the crossover. For dual opamps, power is connected to Pin 4 (-ve) and Pin 8 (+ve). Most opamps will function just fine with supplies between ±5V and ±15V</td></tr>
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</table>
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<p><b>NOTE: </b>Only one channel is shown for the 3-Way - for a stereo setup, two identical filter circuits are required.</p>
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<p>As can be seen, the 3-Way unit is separated into 4 sections ...</p>
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<ul>
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<li><b>Input Buffer</b> - ensures that all filters are driven from a low impedance source, to prevent frequency and phase shifts</li>
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<li><b>High Pass</b> - as shown, frequency is approx. 3100Hz</li>
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<li><b>Band Pass</b> - as shown, frequencies used are high pass at 310Hz and low pass at 3100Hz</li>
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<li><b>Low Pass</b> - as shown, frequency is approx. 310Hz</li>
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</ul>
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<p>In 3-Way mode, the bandpass section must have a high pass section whose frequency is exactly equal to that of the main low pass (bass) filter, and a low pass section whose frequency is equal to the main high pass (treble) filter. (No, this isn't confusing, it just looks that way.) See the chart above for clarification if this doesn't seem to make sense.</p>
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<p>If it helps, I have included a block diagram that may make things clearer. This is shown below, and has all the sections for a 3-way crossover network. Again, this is mono, so two complete blocks are used for a stereo system.</p>
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<div class="t-pic"><img src="p09_fig1c.gif" border="1" alt ="Figure 1C" /><br />Figure 1C - Block Diagram of 3-Way Crossover</div>
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<p>Frequencies shown are for reference only, and are the same as described above. Naturally, these will need to be changed to suit your application. Note the dotted connection between the input buffer's output and the input to the low-pass filter. If you were to connect the filters like that (rather than as shown), phase shifts through the system will cause the summed output to be different from what you expect. The sections are connected together to give the best outcome - changes will cause unexpected variations, none of which is likely to be good. Opamps always add some phase shift (albeit small), which can make matters worse.</p>
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<p>The frequency responses of each section are shown below, note that the crossover frequency is at the -6dB point, and not at the traditional -3dB frequency. This is an important difference between a Butterworth and Linkwitz-Riley filter, and allows the signals to be in phase across the audio band, regardless of which filter section they are being passed by. The electrically (and acoustically) summed output of this filter is flat, there are no peaks or dips (unless you count 0.11dB as a 'dip'), and no phase reversals are produced (unlike 12dB/octave filters).</p>
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<p>A simple test with any electronic crossover is to connect a 10k resistor to each output, and join the other ends together. Run a frequency sweep from an audio oscillator into the input, and observe the output level at the output of the resistor summing network. Most traditional (typically Butterworth) crossover networks exhibit a 3dB increase at the xover frequency, and drop back to the reference level about an octave or so each side. This is a less than ideal situation, since in most cases a similar effect will occur from the speaker's summed acoustical output - assuming that the drivers are 'time aligned' so the output of each is in phase (acoustically speaking) at the crossover frequency. If time alignment is not done, and the physical distance difference between speaker voice coils is large (more than 0.1 wavelength of the frequency concerned), then other acoustical differences caused by phase will tend to overshadow any anomaly in the crossover network.</p>
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<div class="t-pic"><img src="p09_fig2.gif" alt="Figure 2" border="1"><br />Figure 2 - Frequency Response of 3-Way Linkwitz-Riley Crossover Network</div>
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<p>Frequency response is shown from 20Hz to 20kHz, although the bandwidth is much wider (less than 1Hz is easy, and 100kHz or more can be expected with fast opamps. Insertion loss is 0dB, since there is no gain or loss introduced by the filters in their pass-band. The crossover points are defined by the -6dB points of each filter, and are at 310Hz and 3.1kHz (as expected from the above schematics). The summed response is flat, other than a tiny (0.11dB) dip at just below 3kHz. This is caused by phase shift in the high-pass section of the low frequency crossover.</p>
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<p>The connections shown must be used as indicated. As noted above, phase anomalies will cause usually minor (but easily measured) response variations if the filters are not cascaded. If you use the ESP boards, the correct wiring is shown in the construction article. There are other connection possibilities, but the one shown has been used by hundreds of constructors and is known to work very well indeed. one of the goals was to ensure that the treble passes through the minimum number of opamps, because there is less feedback at high frequencies, and distortion may be a little bit higher as more opamps are included in the signal path. This is rarely an issue in practice, but it seems to be a worthy goal <img src="grin.gif" alt="Grin" />.</p>
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<p>Note that the above comments only apply to the 3-way version, and do not affect the 'standard' 2-way crossover. It has a summed response that is dead flat, regardless of the crossover frequency.</p>
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<hr /><b>Output Buffers (and .... )</b>
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<p>When you use an electronic crossover, you need some way of equalising the levels from each output to match the power amp sensitivity and speaker efficiency. The circuit for a suitable buffer is shown in Figure 3. There is nothing special about it, but it is designed to give a gain of 2 to allow maximum flexibility, and ensures that the impedance of the pots does not cause any high frequency loss with long interconnects. The gain can be changed by varying the resistor values (Rf1 and Rf2). For unity gain, omit Rf2 and use a link for Rf1.</p>
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<div class="t-pic"><img src="p09_fig3.gif" alt="Figure 3" border="1" /><br />Figure 3 - Buffer Stage. One Per Output Needed</div>
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<p>These buffers should use high quality opamps, and provision for them is included on the PCB, including the trimpot (see the photo at the beginning of this article). If you fine that more gain is required (most likely for the low-pass outputs), simply reduce the value of R<sub>f2</sub>. If you need around 6dB more gain, use 3.9k resistors (a gain of 4 or 12dB). You're unlikely to need more as this is twice the gain with 10k resistors.</p>
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<p>Several people (including me) have found that the crossover unit has a short 'chirp' or 'snap' (depending on the opamp characteristics) as power is removed, and this may be accompanied by some DC swing. If you use the new version of the P05B preamp power supply, the auxiliary output can be used to activate a 6-pole relay (or as many smaller relays as needed) to short all outputs to earth when there is no power. The normally closed contacts simply short the outputs to ground, and when power is applied the short is removed. P05 (Rev-B and above) boards have a power-on delay and a loss of AC detector that will mute the crossover for a few seconds at power-on, and almost immediately when power is turned off.</p>
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<p>Because all common opamps have short circuit protection, this will not cause any damage, and current is limited further by the 100 ohm output resistors.</p>
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<hr /><b>Variable Frequency Crossover</b>
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<p>As you can see from the main circuit diagram, a 4th order Linkwitz-Riley would be difficult to make into a variable network, due to the large number of resistors which need to change. Use of multi-ganged potentiometers is discouraged, because of the matching requirements. Sufficiently accurate 8-gang pots are unlikely to be readily available!</p>
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<hr /><b>Tuning Formulae</b>
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<p>If you absolutely insist on performing the calculations yourself, the formulae are shown below. It's quite easy to set this up using a spreadsheet (OpenOffice, LibreOffice, Excel, etc.) or you can use the calculator program I wrote (see <u><a href="project09.htm#calc">below</a></u> for details).</p>
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<blockquote>
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(1) R = 1 / (2<span class="times">π</span> × 1.414 × f × C)<br />
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(2) C = 1 / (2<span class="times">π</span> × 1.414 × f × R)<br />
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(3) f = 1 / (2<span class="times">π</span> × 1.414 × R × C)
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</blockquote>
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<span class="t_11">Where R = resistance in Ohms, <span class="times">π</span> = 3.14159, 1.414 is √2, f = frequency in Hertz and C = capacitance in Farads</span>
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<p>(1) This assumes that you have selected the capacitance first, which is the most sensible. Caps are available in fewer different values in each decade than resistors. Capacitors generally follow the 'E12' series, which has 12 values per decade, so:</p>
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<blockquote>
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1.0, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.2, 2.7, 3.3, 3.9, 4.7, 5.6, 6.8, 8.2, 10
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</blockquote>
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<p>These are multiplied by 10, 100 (etc), to obtain all the values from 1nF - 10nF, 10nF - 100nF, and 100nF - 1µF. Values above 1µF and below 1nF are generally not as readily available in all values, and should be avoided for this design, since very large or very small values will create impedances which are too difficult to handle. Very low capacitor values mean high resistor values (noisy), and even small amounts of stray capacitance on PCB tracks or wiring will create errors. Large values of capacitance mean low impedances, which many opamps may not be able to drive without excessive distortion or clipping.</p>
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<p>(2) Is the least useful, since the range of capacitor values is less than half that of 1% resistors (especially if you have access to the 'E24' series resistors - 24 values per decade). Really strange values can be assured, which will require parallel combinations of smaller caps - messy and not necessary.</p>
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<p>(3) Is useful to check that the components selected will give you the frequency that you first thought of, or something reasonably close after standard component values have been substituted for the theoretical values you will get with the calculation. In general, a variation of less than 1/3 octave will not cause any problems.</p>
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<p>The calculator program is far easier and more fun, too. (Of course I like it - I wrote it <img src="mrgreen.gif" alt="Mr Green" /> !)</p>
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<p><b>Capacitor values</b> need to be accurate - the standard offering is ±10%, which is not really good enough. If you have (or can get access to) a capacitance meter, simply buy more than you need (they are inexpensive), and select the values to be within 2% or better if possible. My experience is that the tolerance of most MKT and MKP caps is actually better than that quoted, but you do need to check! The absolute value is not particularly important, but fairly close matching is needed to ensure flat response across the crossover frequency, and to preserve the stereo image.</p>
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<p>The easiest way to get the '2C' value is to use two capacitors in parallel, each of value 'C'. The PCB is designed for this. In addition, the PCB also provides two places for each '2R' value, and they are in series. This means that you can always get the exact '2R' value, without having to resort to E48 or E96 values which still may not provide the exact value needed.</p>
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<p><b>Resistor values</b> also need to be accurate, and 1% metal film resistors are perfectly acceptable. These are generally available in the E24 series (24 values per decade), allowing a much wider choice of values. Both the E12 and E24 series values are available in the Component Calculator (Help-Preferred Values) for reference. In some shops (oh, really?) you might even be able to get resistors in the E48 or E96 range - these offer an almost limitless range of possibilities (48 or 96 values per decade - awesome!), just don't count on it. There's also the E192 series, but these are likely to be harder to find.</p>
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<hr /><b>General Notes ...</b>
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<ul>
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<li>Although not specifically mentioned above, P09 is ideal for subwoofer applications. While the frequency is not adjustable, this is not a major limitation when a full crossover
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network is used. Most subwoofer 'plate' amplifiers use a variable filter simply because there is only one filter! It is therefore necessary to tweak the crossover frequency and phase
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to get a smooth integration with the main system. While some plate amps <i>do</i> use two filters, only one is adjustable - usually that feeding the sub itself.
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<br /><br />P09 will give a far better result for subs in almost all cases, because the main system can be rolled off quickly below the selected frequency. This can give a major improvement
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of intermodulation distortion performance by removing all frequencies that may stress the main speakers. This is especially important when the main speakers are 2-way (including
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MTM designs).<br /><br /></li>
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<li>As noted above, some opamps create a transient signal upon application or removal of power. Because this they will create a loud sound, many builders may want to incorporate a delayed
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action switch, to ensure that the outputs of the circuit are not connected to the load until the operating conditions have stabilised. One simple solution is described above, and will
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work perfectly. Alternatively, the <a href="project05b.htm" target="_blank">P05 Rev-B</a> power supply has an auxiliary output that is designed to be used for muting. The TL072 is one
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of the worst for this problem, and it is usually not a problem with NE5532 or OPA2134 opamps.<br /><br />
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Although the transients are unlikely to cause damage to any amplifier or loudspeaker, they do not sound very nice. For a system that you build yourself, there is a great satisfaction
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in having it perform flawlessly, so it is probably worth the small effort to use the P05-C supply's aux output to drive muting relays.<br /><br /></li>
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<li>The crossover as described is phase coherent, in that the phase of each signal applied to each loudspeaker driver is essentially in phase with all other signals that have passed
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through the crossover. Because filters are used, the crossover is <b><i>not</i></b> phase neutral - there are wide variations in absolute phase as the frequency changes. This is the
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case with all crossover networks, from the simplest to the most complex, active or passive.<br /><br />
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I mention this because of possible interactions between the main (Left and Right) speakers, and the centre and rear speakers in a surround sound environment. The possibility exists
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that in some circumstances, the phase interactions between this crossover and other crossovers in a home theatre system may be incompatible with some material. These interactions will
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always (<b><i>always!</i></b>) be present unless all speakers in the system have identical crossover networks - not just the same crossover frequencies, but identical networks, drivers
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and cabinet layouts. This is rarely (if ever) the case in reality.<br /><br /></li>
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<li>If you examine the output waveform, be aware that if your audio generator has more than 0.1% distortion, the high pass output will appear very distorted when you select a frequency
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more than one octave below the crossover frequency. This is <i>not</i> a fault of the crossover. Because the fundamental is attenuated the most, the harmonics are effectively increased
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by 24dB (for the second harmonic) and about 36dB for the third. This makes the output waveform look very distorted, yet your input signal will appear to be clean on an oscilloscope. It
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is difficult to see any distortion below 1% on an oscilloscope, but this amount of distortion will make the output look very nasty indeed. Do not despair - all is well.<br /><br /></li>
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<li>In general, avoid capacitors less than 2.2nF or greater than 470nF. As noted above, low values become susceptible to stray capacitance and high values may cause excessive opamp
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loading. Likewise, resistors values should be between 2.2k and 22k. Lower values can be used if the opamps can drive low impedances with minimal distortion (e.g. NE5532, OPA2134, LM4562,
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etc.). If you use TL072 opamps, keep resistor values above 2.2k, and remember that you'll need to include a muting circuit to prevent 'chirps' when power is removed.</li>
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</ul>
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<hr /><b>Phase Shift</b>
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<p>I have heard a report (apparently voiced elsewhere) that there is supposedly a problem with phase shift. The short answer is "nonsense", but a slightly more detailed explanation is called for. There may indeed be a small phase difference between the high and low pass sections, and if so it's because of component tolerance (especially capacitors). for example, if two of the caps in the high pass section are 1% high (10nF and 10.1nF caps used), you'll get less than 1° phase shift between the high and low pass sections. This will cause a peak of 0.036dB - hardly worth getting excited about.</p>
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<div class="t-pic"><img src="p09-f4.jpg" alt="Figure 4" border="1" /><br />Figure 4 - Measured Phase Shift Of Prototype P09 Board</div>
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<p>The above shows the measured response of one channel of my prototype P09 board (the one in the photo at the beginning of this page). The cursors indicate that there is a 10us difference between the two signals (yellow is low pass, blue is high pass). At 3kHz, 1 degree corresponds to a time delay of 926ns, so 10µs is a little over 10°. A 10% difference of two of the caps causes a phase shift of ~7°, and causes a 0.36dB peak or dip. Your loudspeaker drivers will have far greater response deviations even under ideal anechoic conditions, and when combined with the room acoustics it's unreasonable to expect normal variations to be less than 1dB (but usually much more).</p>
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<p>To minimise phase shift, simply match the capacitors as accurately as possible. If you choose not to bother, it is highly unlikely that you will hear any difference whatsoever. The prototype was built with no attempt to match the caps, other than to ensure they were from the same batch (they were taped together because I buy in bulk). The shift in the crossover frequency is negligible, to the point where it's difficult to measure accurately without sophisticated test equipment. You may be able to measure a small dip (about 0.11dB) just below the mid to high crossover frequency. Since all speakers will be far worse than this, it's not worth getting excited about. The filters can be reconfigured to move it to just above the low to mid crossover frequency, but then you have more opamps in series with the tweeter signal, possibly leading to slightly increased distortion and/or higher noise.</p>
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<hr /><a id="calc"></a><b>ESP Linkwitz-Riley Component Calculator</b>
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<p>The completed Linkwitz-Riley component calculator is available for you to <a href="project09.htm#download_esp_lr">download</a>. It includes the circuit diagrams for both the high-pass and low-pass sections, and has the following features:</p>
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<ul>
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<li>Calculate resistance from a known frequency and capacitance</li>
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<li>Calculate capacitance from a known frequency and resistance</li>
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<li>Calculate frequency from the resistance and capacitance values (good for checking after standard value components have been selected)</li>
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<li>Includes a chart for the E12 and E24 series. Capacitors generally follow the E12 series, and 1% metal film resistors are always
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available in the E24 series.</li>
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<li>Calculate the values as a low-pass, then select high-pass. The new values are displayed, along with the circuit.</li>
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<li>Calculates both 12dB/octave and 24dB/octave filters.</li>
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</ul>
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<p>This program (<span class="t_11b">ESP-LR13.EXE</span>) is the actual executable file. This is version 1.3 of the program, and is 88kB, so it is not overly large. There is no setup program, so you simply have to decide where to put it, and create your own shortcut. Feel free to distribute the program to friends, since I have released it as freeware - just don't change the program in any way is all I ask.</p>
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<p>The program requires the Microsoft VB6 run-time library, which can be obtained from Microsoft's web site if it is not installed on your machine. Note that the program is 32-bit, so it won't run on pre Win98 operating systems. The following is a guide as to where the DLL (dynamic link library) file should be installed ...</p>
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<blockquote>
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<table>
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<tr><td><b>Operating System </b></td><td><b>VB6 Support File Location</b></td></tr>
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<tr><td>Windows95</td><td>Not supported</td></tr>
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<tr><td>Windows98</td><td>c:\windows\system</td></tr>
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<tr><td>WindowsNT</td><td>c:\winnt\system32</td></tr>
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<tr><td>XP</td><td>c:\windows\system32</td></tr>
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<tr><td>Vista</td><td>Should be pre-installed</td></tr>
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<tr><td>Windows7</td><td>See below</td></tr>
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<tr><td>Windows10/11</td><td>Normally pre-installed</td></tr>
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</table>
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</blockquote>
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<p>The VB6 Runtime Library contains the following DLLs:</p>
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<blockquote>
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Asycfilt.dll<br />
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COMCAT.DLL<br />
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msvbvm60.dll<br />
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OLEAUT32.DLL<br />
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OLEPRO32.DLL<br />
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STDOLE2.TLB
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</blockquote>
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<p>In all cases, the above assumes that the C: drive is the installation drive. This will usually be the case, but some installations may differ. For Windows7 users, Microsoft suggests elsewhere that the VB6 run-time library will work, but it's not supported for 64 bit versions. I use it on a 64-bit machine though, and found no issues (programs work normally).</p>
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<p class="t_10"><b>Note:</b> Although all care has been taken to ensure the file is virus free, ESP cannot absolutely guarantee that this is the case - I don't appear to have any viruses on my machine, but one cannot be too careful. As with all executable downloads, use your own virus scanner to check it before execution.</p>
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<p align="center"><a id="download_esp_lr"></a><a href="software/esp-lr13.exe">Download Now (88kB)</a></p>
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<hr /><span class="imgswap"><a href="index.html" style="display:block;"><img src="a1.gif" alt="Home"/><b class="bb">Main Index</b></a></span>
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<span class="imgswap"><a href="projects.htm" style="display:block;"><img src="a1.gif" alt="Projects"/><b class="bb">Projects Index</b></a></span><br />
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<table border="1" class="tblblk">
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<tr><td class="t-wht"><a id="copyright"></a><b>Copyright Notice.</b> This article, including but not limited to all text and diagrams, is the intellectual property of Rod Elliott, and is © 1999. Reproduction or re-publication by any means whatsoever, whether electronic, mechanical or electro-mechanical, is strictly prohibited under International Copyright laws. The author (Rod Elliott) grants the reader the right to use this information for personal use only, and further allows that one (1) copy may be made for reference while constructing the project. Commercial use is prohibited without express written authorisation from Rod Elliott.</td></tr></table>
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<div class="t-sml">Updated: Oct 1999 - Modified circuit to reduce HF phase errors./ Nov 1999 - added resistors to filter outputs ./ Aug '01 - update, linked new calculator./ Sep '05 - block diagram, info reformat./ Sep '06 - minor corrections and additions./ Mar '00 - Added Buffer Amp./ May '07 - Changed to suit Rev-B boards./ Aug '12 - minor update./ Oct '18 - minor changes, more info on VB6 runtime library.</div><br />
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